Ductile iron ndi chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri chopangidwa mu 1950s.Makhalidwe ake onse ali pafupi ndi chitsulo.Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe ake abwino kwambiri, idagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pamapangidwe ena omwe ali ndi zofunika kwambiri pakupsinjika, mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kukana kuvala.Chitsulo chachitsulo chasanduka chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pambuyo pa chitsulo cha imvi.Zomwe zimatchedwa "m'malo mwachitsulo ndi chitsulo" makamaka zimatanthawuza chitsulo cha ductile.

Nodular kuponyedwa chitsulo ndi nodular graphite analandira kudzera nodularization ndi inoculation mankhwala, amene bwino bwino mawotchi zimatha chitsulo choponyedwa, makamaka bwino plasticity ndi kulimba, potero kupeza apamwamba mphamvu kuposa mpweya zitsulo.

China Ductile Iron Development Mbiri

Chitsulo chinafukulidwa kuchokera kumalo osungunula chitsulo pakati ndi kumapeto kwa Mzera wa Western Han ku Tieshenggou, Gongxian County, Province la Henan, ndipo chitsulo chamakono cha nodular sichinapangidwe bwino kunja mpaka 1947. Chitsulo chachitsulo ku China chakale chili ndi silicon yotsika kwambiri yopangira zinthu nthawi yayitali.Ndiko kunena kuti, ku Western Han Dynasty pafupifupi zaka 2000 zapitazo, graphite yozungulira muzitsulo zachitsulo zaku China idafewetsedwa ndi chitsulo chochepa cha silicon cha nkhumba chomwe chimapezedwa ndi annealing.Ichi ndi luso lamakono lachi China lachitsulo.Kupambana kwakukulu kwa luso ndi zozizwitsanso m'mbiri ya zitsulo padziko lapansi.

Mu 1981, Chinese ductile chitsulo akatswiri ntchito njira zamakono sayansi kuphunzira 513 Han akale ndi Wei chitsulo katundu anafukula, ndipo anatsimikiza kuchokera ambiri deta kuti nodular graphite kuponyedwa chitsulo anaonekera China mu Han Dynasty.Mapepala ogwirizana nawo adawerengedwa pa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa 18 wa Mbiri ya Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo, womwe udasangalatsa maziko a mayiko ndi mbiri ya sayansi ndiukadaulo.Akatswiri a mbiriyakale padziko lonse lapansi adatsimikizira izi mu 1987: China yakale idapeza kale lamulo logwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha ductile kupanga chitsulo cha nodular, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pakukonzanso mbiri yakale yazitsulo padziko lapansi.

Kupanga

Chitsulo chachitsulo ndi aloyi yachitsulo-carbon yomwe imakhala ndi carbon yoposa 2.11%.Amapezeka kuchokera ku chitsulo cha nkhumba za mafakitale, zitsulo zowonongeka ndi zitsulo zina ndi zipangizo zake za alloy kupyolera mu kutentha kwambiri kusungunuka ndi kuponyera kuumba.Kuphatikiza pa Fe, kaboni yomwe ili muzitsulo zina zotayidwa imapangidwa ngati graphite.Ngati mpweya wa graphite uli mu mawonekedwe a zingwe, chitsulo chosungunula chimatchedwa chitsulo chonyezimira kapena chitsulo chonyezimira;chitsulo chosungunula mu mawonekedwe a mphutsi chimatchedwa vermicular graphite cast iron;Chitsulo chopangidwa ngati floc chimatchedwa chitsulo choyera kapena chitsulo chabwalo, chitsulo chosungunuka chimatchedwa ductile iron.

The mankhwala zikuchokera spheroidal graphite kuponyedwa chitsulo kupatula chitsulo zambiri: mpweya zili 3.0 ~ 4.0%, pakachitsulo okhutira 1.8 ~ 3.2%, manganese, phosphorous, okwana sulfure osapitirira 3.0% ndi kuchuluka kwa nodular zinthu monga osowa lapansi ndi magnesium. .

Kuchita kwakukulu

Ma ductile iron castings akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi m'magawo onse akuluakulu a mafakitale, omwe amafunikira mphamvu zambiri, pulasitiki, kulimba, kukana kuvala, komanso kukana kwambiri.

Kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha ndi makina, kutentha kwakukulu kapena kutsika kwa kutentha, kukana kwa dzimbiri ndi kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe.Kuti akwaniritse zosinthazi muzochitika zautumiki, chitsulo cha nodular cast chili ndi magiredi ambiri, chomwe chimapereka mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amakina ndi thupi.

Zambiri mwazitsulo zopangira chitsulo monga momwe bungwe la International Organisation for Standardization ISO1083 zimapangidwira zimapangidwa makamaka m'malo osapangana.Mwachiwonekere, mndandandawu umaphatikizapo magiredi amphamvu kwambiri okhala ndi mphamvu zokulirapo kuposa 800 Newtons pa lalikulu millimeter ndi kutalika kwa 2%.Zinanso kwambiri ndi kalasi ya pulasitiki yapamwamba, yomwe ili ndi elongation yoposa 17% komanso mphamvu yotsika (osachepera 370 N / mm2).Mphamvu ndi kutalika sizinthu zokhazo zomwe opanga amasankhira zida, ndipo zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zimaphatikizira mphamvu zokolola, zotanuka modulus, kukana kuvala ndi mphamvu ya kutopa, kuuma ndi magwiridwe antchito.Kuphatikiza apo, kukana kwa dzimbiri ndi kukana kwa okosijeni komanso ma elekitiromagineti kungakhale kofunikira kwa opanga.Pofuna kukwaniritsa ntchito zapaderazi, gulu lazitsulo za austenite ductile, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa Ni-Resis ductile irons, zinapangidwa.Ma austenitic ductile irons awa amapangidwa makamaka ndi faifi tambala, chromium ndi manganese, ndipo amalembedwa pamiyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.