ʻO ka hao Ductile kahi mea hao hao ikaika i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā makahiki 1950.Kokoke kona mau waiwai piha i ke kila.Ma muli o kāna mau waiwai maikaʻi, ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia i kekahi mau castings me nā koi hana kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ke koʻikoʻi, ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana.Ua ulu koke ka hao ductile i mea hao i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma hope o ka hao hina hina.ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia "hoʻololi i ke kila me ka hao" pili nui i ka hao ductile.

ʻO ka hao nodular ka graphite nodular i loaʻa ma o ka nodularization a me ka mālama inoculation, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ai i nā waiwai mechanical o ka hao hao, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka plasticity a me ka paʻakikī, a laila e loaʻa ai ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kila kalapona.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hao hao ʻo Kina

Ua ʻike ʻia ka hao mai ka hale hoʻoheheʻe hao ma ka waena a me ka hope o ka Western Han Dynasty ma Tieshenggou, Gongxian County, Henan Province, a ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka hao nodular hou ma waho a hiki i 1947. ʻO ka hao hao ma Kina kahiko he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. he manawa lōʻihi.ʻO ia hoʻi, ma ka Western Han Dynasty ma kahi o 2000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia ka graphite spherical i loko o ka hao Kina e ka haʻahaʻa-silikona puaʻa hoʻolei hao i loaʻa ma ka annealing.ʻO kēia ka ʻenehana hao hao kahiko o Kina.ʻO nā hoʻokō nui o ke kiʻi he mau hana mana hoʻi i ka mōʻaukala o ka metallurgy ma ka honua.

I ka makahiki 1981, ua hoʻohana ka poʻe loea hao ductile Kina i nā ʻano ʻepekema hou e aʻo ai i nā mea hao kahiko o Han a me Wei 513 i ʻike ʻia, a ua hoʻoholo ʻia mai ka nui o nā ʻikepili i ʻike ʻia ka nodular graphite cast iron ma Kina i ka Han Dynasty.Ua heluhelu ʻia nā pepa pili i ka 18th World Conference on History of Science and Technology, kahi i hoʻohauʻoli ai i ka ʻike honua a me ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.Ua hōʻoia ka poʻe loea moʻolelo metallurgical International i kēia i ka makahiki 1987: Ua ʻike mua ʻo Kina kahiko i ke kānāwai o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hao ductile e hana i ka hao nodular, he mea nui ia no ka reclassification o ka mōʻaukala metallurgical honua.

Huina

ʻO ka hao hoʻoheheʻe he mea hao-carbon me ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 2.11%.Loaʻa ia mai ka hao puaʻa ʻoihana, ke kila ʻōpala a me nā kila ʻē aʻe a me kāna mau mea hoʻohuihui ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wela a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.Ma waho aʻe o Fe, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke kalapona i loko o nā hao hao ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano o ka graphite.Inā ʻo ka graphite precipitated ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana, ua kapa ʻia ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia a i ʻole ka hao hina hina;ʻO ka hao hao ma ke ʻano o ka floc, ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka hao keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ka hao iwilei;

ʻO ka hana kemika o ka graphite spheroidal cast iron koe wale nō ka hao: carbon content 3.0 ~ 4.0%. .

Hana nui

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻoheheʻe hao ductile ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana nui, e koi ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka plasticity, ka paʻakikī, ka pale ʻana, a me ke kūpaʻa paʻa.

ʻO ka haʻalulu wela a me ka mechanical, ka wela kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ke kūpaʻa dimensional.I mea e hoʻokō ai i kēia mau hoʻololi i nā kūlana lawelawe, he nui nā māka nodular cast iron, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ākea o nā ʻano mechanical a me ke kino.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hoʻoheheʻe hao ductile e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka International Organization for Standardization ISO1083 i hana nui ʻia i ka mokuʻāina ʻole.ʻIke loa, aia kēia pae i nā māka ikaika kiʻekiʻe me ka ikaika tensile i ʻoi aku ma mua o 800 Newtons i kēlā me kēia square millimeter a me ka elongation o 2%.ʻO ke koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka papa plastik kiʻekiʻe, nona ka elongation ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 17% a me ka ikaika haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ka liʻiliʻi 370 N/mm2).ʻAʻole ʻo ka ikaika a me ka elongation wale nō ke kumu no nā mea hoʻolālā e koho ai i nā mea, a ʻo nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka ikaika hoʻohua, ka modulus elastic, ke kūpaʻa a me ka ikaika luhi, ka paʻakikī a me ka hana hopena.Eia kekahi, he mea koʻikoʻi paha ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka oxidation a me nā waiwai electromagnetic no nā mea hoʻolālā.No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau hoʻohana kūikawā, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hui o nā hao ductile austenite, i kapa ʻia ʻo Ni-Resis ductile irons.Hoʻopili nui ʻia kēia mau hao ductile austenitic me ka nickel, chromium a me manganese, a ua helu ʻia ma nā kūlana honua.