Nkedo ígwèbụ otu nke ígwè-carbon alloys nwere carbon ọdịnaya karịa 2%.Uru ya na-enweta site na okpomọkụ na-agbaze ya dị ntakịrị.Ihe mejupụtara alloy na-emetụta agba ya mgbe agbajiri agbaji: ígwè nkedo na-acha ọcha nwere ihe adịghị ọcha nke carbide nke na-enye ohere mgbawa ka ọ gafee, nkedo isi awọ nwere flakes graphite nke na-atụgharị mgbape na-agafe ma na-ebute mgbape ọhụrụ na-enweghị atụ ka ihe ahụ na-agbaji, na nkedo ductile nwere okirikiri. graphite "nodules" nke na-akwụsị mgbape ka ọ na-aga n'ihu.

Carbon (C) sitere na 1.8 ruo 4 wt%, na silicon (Si) 1–3 wt%, bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ígwè nkedo.A na-akpọ alloys ígwè nwere obere carbon dị ka ígwè.

Ígwè nkedo na-agbaji agbaji, ewezuga ígwè nkedo a na-enwe ike imegharị ya.Site na ebe mgbaze ya dị ntakịrị, mmiri dị mma, ihe nkedo, ihe nrụpụta dị mma, iguzogide nrụrụ na iyi nguzogide, igwe ihe nkedo aghọwo ihe injinia nwere ọtụtụ ngwa ma jiri ya na ọkpọkọ, igwe na akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, dị ka cylinder. isi, cylinder blocks na gearbox case.Ọ na-eguzogide mmebi site na oxidation.

Ihe arịa ndị mbụ nke nkedo dị na narị afọ nke ise BC, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọtara ya na ebe bụ Jiangsu ugbu a na China.A na-eji ígwè nkedo eme ihe na China oge ochie maka agha, ọrụ ugbo, na ụkpụrụ ụlọ.N'ime narị afọ nke 15, a na-eji ígwè nkedo eme ihe maka egbe égbè na Burgundy, France, na n'England n'oge Ndozigharị ahụ.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkedo a na-eji maka egbe egbe chọrọ nnukwu mmepụta ihe. Ọ bụ Abraham Darby III wuru akwa nkedo nke mbụ n'oge 1770 site n'aka Abraham Darby III, ma mara ya dị ka The Iron Bridge na Shropshire, England.A na-ejikwa ígwè nkedo rụọ ụlọ.

Alloying ọcha

A na-agbanwe ihe nkedo nke igwe site na ịgbakwụnye ihe dị iche iche alloying, ma ọ bụ alloyants.Na-esote carbon, silicon bụ ihe kachasị mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-amanye carbon na ngwọta.Pasent dị ala nke silicon na-enye ohere ka carbon nọrọ na ngwọta na-emepụta carbide ígwè na mmepụta nke ígwè nkedo ọcha.Pasent dị elu nke silicon na-amanye carbon site na ngwọta na-emepụta graphite na mmepụta nke nkedo isi awọ.Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, titanium na vanadium na-emegide silicon, na-akwalite njide nke carbon, na nhazi nke carbides.Nickel na ọla kọpa na-abawanye ike, na machinability, ma anaghị agbanwe ego nke graphite kpụrụ.Carbon dị n'ụdị graphite na-ebute ígwè dị nro, na-ebelata mbelata, na-ebelata ike, ma na-ebelata njupụta.Sulfur, nke bụ ihe na-emerụ emerụ mgbe ọ dị, na-emepụta sulfide ígwè, nke na-egbochi ịmepụta graphite ma na-abawanye ike.Nsogbu dị na sọlfọ bụ na ọ na-eme ka nkedo a wụrụ awụ viscous, nke na-akpata ntụpọ.Iji gbochie mmetụta nke sọlfọ, a na-agbakwunye manganese n'ihi na ha abụọ na-aghọ manganese sulfide kama ịbụ ígwè sulfide.Sulfide manganese dị ọkụ karịa agbaze, ya mere ọ na-esi na mgbaze na-ese n'elu mmiri na n'ime slag.Ọnụ ego manganese chọrọ iji wepụ sọlfọ bụ 1.7 × sọlfọ ọdịnaya + 0.3%.Ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere ihe karịrị ego a nke manganese, mgbe ahụ, ụdị carbide manganese, nke na-abawanye ike na oyi, ma e wezụga na ígwè isi awọ, ebe ihe ruru 1% nke manganese na-abawanye ike na njupụta.

Nickel bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emekarị n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ pearlite na graphite dịkwuo mma, na-eme ka ike sie ike, na-ewepụkwa esemokwu siri ike n'etiti ọkpụrụkpụ nke ngalaba.A na-agbakwunye Chromium na obere ego iji belata graphite n'efu, mepụta oyi, yana n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe nkwụsi ike nke carbide;a na-agbakwunye nickel na njikọ.Enwere ike ịgbakwunye obere tin dị ka ihe dochie anya 0,5% chromium.A na-agbakwunye ọla kọpa na ladle ma ọ bụ n'ọkụ, n'usoro nke 0.5-2.5%, iji belata oyi, nụchaa graphite, na ịbawanye mmiri.A na-agbakwunye molybdenum n'usoro nke 0.3-1% iji mee ka oyi na-atụ ma mee ka nhazi nke graphite na pearlite;a na-agbakwụnyekarị ya na nickel, ọla kọpa, na chromium iji mepụta ígwè dị elu.A na-agbakwunye Titanium dị ka degasser na deoxidizer, mana ọ na-abawanye ụbara mmiri.A na-agbakwunye 0.15-0.5% vanadium iji mee ka ígwè dị ike iji mee ka cimentite guzosie ike, mee ka ike sie ike, na ịbawanye iguzogide iyi na okpomọkụ.0.1-0.3% zirconium na-enyere aka ịmepụta graphite, deoxidize, na ịbawanye mmiri.

Na ígwè na-agbaze nke ọma, a na-agbakwunye bismuth, n'ogo nke 0.002-0.01%, iji mụbaa ole silicon nwere ike ịgbakwunye.Na ígwè na-acha ọcha, a na-agbakwunye boron iji nyere aka na mmepụta nke ígwè na-adịghị mma;ọ na-ebelatakwa mmetụta nke bismuth.

Ihe nkedo isi awọ

A na-eji ígwè nkedo isi awọ mara site na microstructure eserese ya, nke na-eme ka mgbaji nke ihe ahụ nwee ọdịdị isi awọ.Ọ bụ ihe nkedo a na-ejikarị na ihe nkedo a na-ejikarị eme ihe dabere na ibu.Ọtụtụ ihe nkedo nwere kemịkalụ nke 2.5–4.0% carbon, 1–3% silicon, na ígwè fọdụrụnụ.Ihe nkedo isi awọ nwere obere ike nkwụsi ike yana nguzogide ujo karịa igwe, mana ike mkpakọ ya dị ka igwe carbon dị ala na nke ọkara.A na-achịkwa akụrụngwa ndị a site na nha na ọdịdị nke flakes graphite dị na microstructure ma nwee ike ịkọwa ya dịka ntuziaka ASTM nyere.

Ihe nkedo ọcha

Igwe ihe nkedo ọcha na-egosiputa elu ocha gbajiri agbaji n'ihi ọnụnọ iron carbide precipitate nke a na-akpọ cimentite.Site na ọdịnaya silicon dị ala (onye na-ahụ maka eserese) yana ọnụego jụrụ oyi ngwa ngwa, carbon dị na nkedo ọcha na-esi na mgbaze dị ka cementite nke metastable, Fe.₃C, karịa graphite.Simentite nke na-esi na mgbaze na-agbaze na-etolite dị ka akụkụ dịtụ ukwuu.Ka ígwè carbide na-ebuli elu, ọ na-ewepụ carbon site na mgbaze mbụ, na-ebugharị ngwakọta ahụ na nke dị nso na eutectic, na akụkụ nke fọdụrụ bụ obere ígwè-carbon austenite (nke na oyi nwere ike gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ martensite).Ndị a eutectic carbides dị nnọọ ukwuu iji nye abamuru nke ihe a na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo hardening (dị ka ụfọdụ nchara, ebe obere cementite precipitates nwere ike igbochi [plastic deformation] site na-egbochi mmegharị nke dislocations site dị ọcha ígwè ferrite matrix).Kama, ha na-amụba nnukwu ike nke ígwè nkedo nanị site n'ịdị ike nke ha dị oke elu na oke olu ha, nke mere na enwere ike iji usoro ngwakọta were were were were gbakọọ nnukwu ike ike ya.N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ha na-enye ike na-efu nke siri ike.Ebe ọ bụ na carbide mejupụtara akụkụ buru ibu nke ihe ahụ, enwere ike kewaa ígwè nkedo ọcha dị ka cermet.Ígwè ọcha dị nnọọ nro maka iji ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ihe owuwu, ma na-esi ike na nguzogide abrasion na ọnụ ala dị ọnụ ala, ọ na-ahụ na a na-eji ya na ngwa ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ihe mkpuchi (impeller na volute) nke nfuli slurry, shei liners na lifter barss na bọl. igwe ihe igwe na autogenous egweri igwe nri, bọọlụ na mgbanaka na coal pulverisers, na ezé nke a backhoe si igwu ịwụ (ọ bụ ezie na nkedo medium-carbon martensitic ígwè bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ngwa a).

Ọ na-esiri ike ịme ka nkedo siri ike dị jụụ ngwa ngwa iji mee ka agbaze ahụ sie ike dị ka nkedo ọcha na-aga n'ihu.Otú ọ dị, enwere ike iji ngwa ngwa jụrụ oyi iji mee ka shea nke ígwè nkedo na-acha ọcha sie ike, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nke fọdụrụ na-ajụ oyi nke nta nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isi nke nkedo isi awọ.Ihe nkedo a rụpụtara, nke a na-akpọ ankedo oyi, nwere uru nke elu siri ike nke nwere ihe siri ike n'ime ime.

Alloys ọcha na-acha ọcha nke chromium na-enye ohere ka nnukwu ihe nkedo (dịka ọmụmaatụ, impeller tonne 10) bụrụ nkedo ájá, ebe chromium na-ebelata ọnụego jụrụ oyi nke achọrọ iji mepụta carbides site na ọkpụrụkpụ ihe.Chromium na-arụpụtakwa carbide nwere nnukwu nguzogide abrasion.Alloys chromium ndị a dị elu na-ekwu na ike ha dị elu na ọnụnọ nke chromium carbides.Ụdị isi nke carbide ndị a bụ eutectic ma ọ bụ isi M₇C₃carbides, ebe "M" na-anọchite anya ígwè ma ọ bụ chromium ma nwee ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na ihe mejupụtara alloy.The eutectic carbides na-etolite dị ka ùkwù nke mkpanaka hexagonal oghere ma na-eto n'otu akụkụ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu basal hexagonal.Isi ike nke carbide ndị a dị n'ime oke nke 1500-1800HV.

Nkedo nke nwere ike imegharị

Ígwè a na-agbagharị agbagharị na-amalite dị ka nkedo ígwè na-acha ọcha nke a na-agwọkwa okpomọkụ otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ abụọ n'ihe dịka 950 Celsius (1,740 Celsius) wee mee ka ọ dị jụụ otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ abụọ.N'ihi ya, carbon na ígwè carbide na-agbanwe ghọọ graphite na ferrite tinyere carbon (austenite).Usoro ngwa ngwa na-enye ohere ka esemokwu dị elu na-etolite graphite n'ime akụkụ spheroidal kama flakes.N'ihi oke akụkụ ha dị ala, spheroids dị mkpụmkpụ ma dị anya site na ibe ha, ma nwee akụkụ obe dị ala vis-a-vis a na-agbasa mgbape ma ọ bụ phonon.Ha nwekwara oke nke na-adịghị mma, n'adịghị ka flakes, nke na-ebelata nsogbu ịta ahụhụ dị na nkedo isi awọ.N'ozuzu, ihe ndị dị na nkedo nke nwere ike ime ka ọ dị ka nke ígwè dị nro.Enwere oke na oke akụkụ nwere ike ịwụ n'ígwè nke na-esighị ike, dịka e si na nkedo ọcha mee ya.

Ihe nkedo ductile