Casting classification:

(1) Sand casting: producing castings in sand casting. Steel, iron and most non-ferrous alloy castings can be obtained by sand casting. Sand casting process technical characteristics: 1. Suitable for making blanks with complex shapes, especially with complex inner cavities; 2. Wide adaptability and low cost; 3. Suitable for some materials with poor plasticity, such as Cast. Sand casting is the only forming process for manufacturing parts or blanks. Application: castings such as engine cylinder block, cylinder head and crankshaft of automobile
(2) Investment casting is also called lost wax casting: the fusible material is made into a model, and the surface of the model is coated with several layers of refractory material to make a mold shell, and then the model is melted and discharged from the mold shell, thereby casting the mold, after roasting at high temperature It is a casting scheme for sand filling and pouring. Process characteristics of investment casting process: 1. High dimensional accuracy and geometric accuracy; 2. High surface roughness; 3. Ability to cast complex-shaped castings, and casting alloys are not limited. Disadvantages: complicated process and high cost. Application: suitable for the production of small parts with complex shapes, high precision requirements, or difficult to perform other processing, such as turbine engine blades.
(3) Pressure casting: It uses high pressure to press the metal liquid into a precision metal mold cavity at high speed then the metal liquid is cooled and solidified under the pressure to form a casting. Process characteristics: 1.  Metal liquid can bear high pressure and has a fast flow rate 2. Good product quality, stable size, good interchangeability; 3. High production efficiency; casting mold can be sued for more times; 4. Suitable for large quantities Production and could make good economic benefits. Disadvantages: 1. Castings are prone to small pores and shrinkage. 2. The plasticity of the die-casting parts is low, and it is not suitable to work under the impact load and vibration; 3. When the high-melting point alloy is die-casting, the mold life is low, which affects the expansion of the die-casting production. Application: Die castings were first used in the automotive industry and instrumentation industry, and then gradually expanded to various industries, such as agricultural machinery, machine tool industry, electronics industry, defense industry, computer, medical equipment, clocks, cameras and daily hardware, etc. .
(4) Low pressure casting: refers to the method of making liquid metal fill the mold under the action of lower pressure (0.02 ~ 0.06MPa), and crystallize under pressure to form a casting. Technical features: 1. The pressure and speed during pouring can be adjusted, so it can be applied to various different casting molds (such as metal molds, sand molds, etc.), casting various alloys and castings of various sizes; 2. Using bottom Injection type filling, metal liquid filling is stable, no splashing phenomenon, can avoid gas entrapment and erosion of the mold wall and core, improve the pass rate of castings; 3, castings are crystallized under pressure, castings are dense and contoured Clear, smooth surface, high mechanical properties, especially for the casting of large thin-walled parts; 4. Eliminate the feeder riser, metal utilization rate increased to 90 ~ 98%; 5. Low labor intensity, good working conditions, equipment Simple and easy to realize mechanization and automation. Application: Mainly based on traditional products (cylinder head, wheel hub, cylinder frame, etc.).
(5) Centrifugal casting: It is a casting method in which molten metal is poured into a rotating casting mold, and the casting mold is filled and solidified under the action of centrifugal force. Process characteristics and advantages: 1. There is almost no metal consumption of the pouring system and the riser system, which improves the production rate of the process; 2. The core can not be used in the production of hollow castings, so the production of long tubular castings can be greatly Improve the metal filling ability; 3. The casting has high density, less defects such as pores and slag inclusion, and high mechanical properties; 4. It is easy to manufacture tube and sleeve composite metal castings. Disadvantages: 1. There are certain limitations when used in the production of special-shaped castings; 2. The diameter of the inner hole of the casting is inaccurate, the surface of the inner hole is rough, the quality is poor, and the processing allowance is large; 3. The casting is prone to segregation of specific gravity. Application: Centrifugal casting is the earliest used in the production of cast pipes. Centrifugal casting process is used in metallurgy, mining, transportation, irrigation and drainage machinery, aviation, national defense, automotive and other industries to produce steel, iron and non-ferrous carbon alloy castings. Among them, the production of castings such as centrifugal cast iron pipes, internal combustion engine cylinder sleeves and shaft sleeves is the most common.
(6) Metal mold casting: refers to a molding method in which liquid metal fills into a metal mold under the action of gravity and cools and solidifies in the mold to obtain a casting. Process characteristics and advantages: 1. The metal mold has large thermal conductivity and heat capacity, fast cooling speed, dense casting structure 2. Can obtain castings with higher dimensional accuracy and lower surface roughness value, and the quality stability is good. 3. Because the sand core is not used and rarely used, it can improve the environment, reduce dust and harmful gases, and reduce labor intensity. Disadvantages: 1. The metal mold itself is not breathable, and certain measures must be taken to export the air and the gas generated by the sand core in the cavity; 2. the cracks are likely to occur when the casting is solidified; 3. The metal mold manufacturing The cycle is longer and the cost is higher. Application: Metal mold casting is not only suitable for mass production of aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy and other non-ferrous alloy castings with complex shapes, but also suitable for the production of steel metal castings and ingots.
(7) Vacuum die-casting: an advanced die-casting process that eliminates or significantly reduces the porosity and dissolved gas in the die-casting parts by removing the gas in the die-casting mold cavity during the die-casting process, thereby improving the die-casting parts’ mechanical properties and surface quality. Process characteristics : 1. Eliminate or reduce the pores inside the die-casting parts, improve the mechanical properties and surface quality of the die-casting parts, improve the plating performance; 2. Reduce the back pressure of the cavity, you can use a lower specific pressure and For alloys with poor casting performance, it is possible to die-cast larger castings with small machines; 3. Improved filling conditions and thin castings can be die-casted; Disadvantages: 1. The mold sealing structure is complex, and it is difficult to manufacture and install, so the cost is relatively high High; 2. If the vacuum die casting method is not properly controlled, the effect is not very significant.

(8) Squeeze casting: It is a method of solidifying liquid metal or semi-liquid metal under high pressure to directly obtain parts or blanks. It has the advantages of high utilization rate of liquid metal, simple process and stable quality. Technical features: 1. Can eliminate internal defects such as air holes, shrinkage holes, shrinkage holes; 2. Low surface roughness and high dimensional accuracy; 3. Can prevent the occurrence of casting cracks; 4. Easy to achieve mechanization and automation. Scope of application: It can be used to produce various types of alloys, such as aluminum alloy, zinc alloy, copper alloy, nodular cast iron, etc.
(9) Lost Foam Casting, also known as solid casting. Firstly, the paraffin or foam models with similar size and shape are bonded and combined into model clusters, then brushed with refractory coating and dried, and finally buried in dry quartz sand for vibration modeling Pouring under negative pressure to vaporize the model, liquid metal occupies the position of the model, and forms a casting after solidification and cooling. Technological process: pre-foaming → foaming molding → dipping paint → drying → modeling → pouring → falling sand → cleaning Technical features: 1. High casting precision, no sand core, reducing processing time; Flexible design and high degree of freedom; 3. Clean production and no pollution; 4. Reduce investment and production costs. Application: It is suitable for producing various sizes of more precise castings with complex structure, unlimited alloy types and unlimited production batches. Such as gray cast iron engine box, high manganese steel elbow, etc.
(10) Continuous casting: It is an advanced casting method. Its principle is to continuously pour molten metal into a special metal mold called a crystallizer. The other end of the device is pulled out, and it can obtain castings of any length or specific length. Process flow: Technical characteristics: 1. Because the metal is rapidly cooled, the crystal is dense, the structure is uniform, and the mechanical properties are good; 2. The metal is saved and the yield is improved; 3. The process is simplified, and the modeling and other processes are eliminated, which reduces Labor intensity; the required production area is also greatly reduced; 4. Continuous casting production is easy to realize mechanization and automation and improve production efficiency. Application: Continuous casting can be used to cast long castings with constant cross-sectional shape, such as ingots, slabs, bar billets, pipes, etc., such as steel, iron, copper alloy, aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy.

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